Wednesday, November 28, 2018

Sensors - Bibliography - Industry 4.0


2018

Texas Instruments
Why Hall effect sensors for magnetic position sensing?

TI's magnetic Hall effect sensors are known for robust durability and dependable operation for any position sensing application. Whether simply detecting the closing of a lid or perfroming complext motor commutation and precise position measurment, Hall effect sensors will reliably and accurately sense the position position in your system.

Industrial applications for magnetic sensors

Key industrial applications

Cordless handheld garden tools & cordless power tools - Hall effect sensors provide position measurment in motors, speed selectors and triggers to carry out proper functions.
E-meters - Hall effect sensors offer solutions for magnetic tamper and case tamper detection.
Door & window sensors: Hall effect sensors can be used to detect window and door tampering for home security.


Automotive applications for magnetic sensors

Key automotive applications

Electric power steering - Monitor the position of the shifter, motor, steering wheel angle and torque with Hall effect sensors.
Body motors - Hall effect sensors enable motor commutation in various modules throughout the vehicle.
Engine fan & pump - Monitor the status of engine fans and various pumps within the vehicle using Hall effect sensors.
http://www.ti.com/sensors/magnetic-sensors/overview.html

TI Sensors  Product Tree


Temperature sensors (146)
Digital temperature sensors (91)
Analog temperature sensors (44)
Temperature switches (17)
mmWave sensors (6)
mmWave AWR (3)
mmWave IWR (3)
Humidity sensors (3)
Magnetic sensors (18)
Hall effect latches & switches (11)
Linear Hall effect sensors (7)
Specialty sensors (42)
Ultrasonic (9)
Signal conditioners (21)
Ambient light sensors (8)
Time of flight (ToF) sensors (4)

Civil Engineering - Industry 4.0 - Smart Products and Processes - Bibliography


2016
Engineering a digital future
New ICE President Tim Broyd explains his vision of the civil engineer’s role in a digital future and how the industry can embrace change.
https://www.ice.org.uk/news-and-insight/the-infrastructure-blog/november-2016/engineering-a-digital-future

Biotechnology - Industry 4.0 - Smart Biotechnology Products and Processes - Bibliography



2018

The future of pharmaceutical biotechnology with the Industry 4.0: Managing new technologies, teams and reaching customers from baby boomers to the i-generation
2nd World Biotechnology Congress
Wilker Ribeiro Filho
Instituto Reger, Brazil
Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials
Open Access
https://www.omicsonline.org/proceedings/the-future-of-pharmaceutical-biotechnology-with-the-industry-40-managing-new-technologies-teams-and-reaching-customers-f-80640.html


4.0 Industry - Industrial Biotechnology as a Vector of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
ABBI Brazil Presentation


Saturday, October 6, 2018

SM3D Printing - Single Minute 3D Printing - A New Invention



_________________


_________________



Science: PhD awarded.

Volumetric Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Structures by Holographically Projected Light Fields
by
Maxim Shusteff

Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
September 2017

Nicholas Xuanlai Fang
d’Arbeloff Career Development Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Thesis Supervisor

Leslie A. Kolodziejski
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Chair, Committee on Graduate Students

ABSTRACT


Overcoming some of their process limitations of additive manufacturing technologies is  important now. Two such limitations of present layer-based fabrication are slow speed and geometric constraints.

Holography is now in use as a means for storage and retrieval of 3D geometrical information. This research  explores the use of holographically-shaped light fields for producing three-dimensional structures in a “volume at once” approach. Using spatial light modulator (SLM) technology, phase-controlled light fields are projected into photopolymer resin to cure a desired geometry. By overlapping multiple sub-regions of a single light field within the target volume, the successful fabrication of non-periodic complex 3D geometries is demonstrated by single exposures on timescales of seconds in this research project.

The research also created  a complete prototype platform that makes this approach possible, comprising a suitable hardware configuration along with the computational algorithms necessary to calculate and optimize the required optical fields.

A study of the photopolymerization kinetics is also carried out, to determine the boundaries of usable process parameters such as resin absorbance and available light intensity.

The results indicate that low-absorbing resins containing ~0.1% photoinitiator, illuminated at modest powers (~10-100 mW) may be used to produce full 3D structures from 1-10 second exposures, with volume build rates exceeding 100 cm3/hr. There is no need for a substrate or support material that are necessary in the present layer by layer 3D printing.

You can download the thesis from MIT website.





Research Papers Published.



Invention and Development. Output demonstrated



Design: Under Process



SMED to  SM3D


The layer by layer 3D Printing will be substituted by a 3D image created in the resin by holography and within minutes you have the shape you want.

The SMED now becomes SM3D.

You will be able use items made using this technology.

If you are an engineer, you have a new technology to learn and develop.

If you are scientist, you have research opportunities.

Feel proud as the science underlying might have been initially discovered during 1750’s.  What you think today and discover benefits the universe some day or other.

Friday, August 31, 2018

Hugh Jack - Engineering Materials - Online Article



http://engineeronadisk.com/


http://engineeronadisk.com/V3/index.html

Subjects

Industrial Automation
Engineering Design
Electrical Engineering
Professional Engineering Topics
Computer Hardware
Manufacturing Processes
Mechanical Engineering
Mechatronics
Quality Control
Computer Software
Labs and Tutorials
Hugh Jack Publications



Sunday, August 19, 2018

Band Brakes - Machine Element


22—15 Band Brakes
Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 6/E
Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton
Edward M. Vavrek, Purdue University Northwest
Jyhwen Wang, Texas A & M University
http://nraoetkc.blogspot.com/2018/08/machine-design-and-design-of-machine.html

A band brake is a primary or secondary brake, consisting of a band of friction material that tightens concentrically around a cylindrical piece of equipment to either prevent it from rotating (a static or "holding" brake), or to slow it (a dynamic brake). This application is common on winch drums and chain saws and is also used for some bicycle brakes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_brake

Band Brake - NPTEL material

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/116102012/115


Band Brake design equation

https://www.engineersedge.com/mechanics_machines/band_brake_design_13699.htm

Band Brake Removal & Installation
________________

________________

SCOOTR.com upload

Saturday, August 18, 2018

Machine Design and Design of Machine Elements - Books - Bibliography


Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 6/E
Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton
Edward M. Vavrek, Purdue University Northwest
Jyhwen Wang, Texas A & M University
ISBN-10: 0134441184 • ISBN-13: 9780134441184
©2018 • Pearson • Cloth, 880 pp
Published 28 Feb 2017

Table of Contents

Part 1 Principles of Design and Stress Analysis

1 The Nature of Mechanical Design

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

1—1 Objectives of this Chapter

1—2 The Design Process

1—3 Skills Needed in Mechanical Design

1—4 Functions, Design Requirements, and Evaluation Criteria

1—5 Example of the Integration of Machine Elements into a Mechanical Design

1—6 Computational AIDS in this Book

1—7 Design Calculations

1—8 Preferred Basic Sizes, Screw Threads, and Standard Shapes

1—9 Unit Systems

1—10 Distinction Among Weight, Force, and Mass

References

Internet Sites for General Mechanical Design

Internet Sites for Innovation and Managing Complex Design

2 Materials in Mechanical Design

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

2—1 Objectives of this Chapter

2—2 Properties of Materials

2—3 Classification of Metals and Alloys

2—4 Variability of Material Properties Data

2—5 Carbon and Alloy Steel

2—6 Conditions for Steels and Heat Treatment

2—7 Stainless Steels

2—8 Structural Steel

2—9 Tool Steels

2—10 Cast Iron

2—11 Powdered Metals

2—12 Aluminum

2—13 Zinc Alloys and Magnesium

2—14 Nickel-Based Alloys and Titanium

2—15 Copper, Brass, and Bronze

2—16 Plastics

2—17 Composite Materials

2—18 Materials Selection

References

Internet Sites Related to Design Properties of Materials

Problems

Supplementary Problems

Internet-Based Assignments

3 Stress and Deformation Analysis

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

3—1 Objective of This Chapter

3—2 Philosophy of a Safe Design

3—3 Representing Stresses on a Stress Element

3—4 Normal Stresses Due to Direct Axial Load

3—5 Deformation Under Direct Axial Loading

3—6 Shear Stress Due to Direct Shear Load

3—7 Torsional Load — Torque, Rotational Speed, and Power

3—8 Shear Stress Due to Torsional Load

3—9 Torsional Deformation

3—10 Torsion in Members Having Noncircular Cross Sections

3—11 Torsion in Closed, Thin-Walled Tubes

3—12 Torsion in Open Thin-Walled Tubes

3—13 Shear Stress Due to Bending

3—14 Shear Stress Due to Bending — Special Shearing Stress Formulas

3—15 Normal Stress Due to Bending

3—16 Beams with Concentrated Bending Moments

3—17 Flexural Center for Beam Bending

3—18 Beam Deflections

3—19 Equations for Deflected Beam Shapes

3—20 Curved Beams

3—21 Superposition Principle

3—22 Stress Concentrations

3—23 Notch Sensitivity and Strength Reduction Factor

References

Internet Sites Related to Stress and Deformation Analysis

4 Combined Stresses

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

4—1 Objectives of this Chapter

4—2 General Case of Combined Stress

4—3 Stress Transformation

4—4 Mohr’s Circle and Tresca and von Mises Stresses

4—5 Mohr’s Circle Practice Problems

4—6 Mohr’s Circle for Special Stress

4—7 Analysis of Complex Loading Conditions

Reference

Internet Sites

Problems

5 Design for Different Types of Loading

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

5-1        Objectives of This Chapter

5-2        Types of Loading and Stress Ratio

5-3        Failure Theories

5-4        Design for Static Loading

5-5        Fatigue Strength and Endurance Strength

5-6        Estimate of Endurance Strength

5-7        Design for Cyclic Loading

5-8        Recommended Design and Processing for Fatigue Loading

5-9        Design Factors

5-10      Design Philosophy

5-11      General Design Procedure

5-12      Design Examples

5-13      Statistical Approaches to Design

5-14      Finite Life and Damage Accumulation Method

6 Columns

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

6—1 Objectives of this Chapter

6—2 Properties of the Cross Section of a Column

6—3 End Fixity and Effective Length

6—4 Slenderness Ratio

6—5 Transition Slenderness Ratio

6—6 Long Column Analysis: The Euler Formula

6—7 Short Column Analysis: The J. B. Johnson Formula

6—8 Column Analysis Spreadsheet

6—9 Efficient Shapes for Column Cross Sections

6—10 The Design of Columns

6—11 Crooked Columns

6—12 Eccentrically Loaded Columns

References

Problems

Part 2 Design of a Mechanical Drive

7 Belt Drives and Chain Drives

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

7—1 Objectives of this Chapter

7—2 Kinematics of Belt and Chain Drive Systems

7—3 Types of Belt Drives

7—4 V-Belt Drives

7—5 Synchronous Belt Drives

7—6 Chain Drives

7—7 Wire Rope

References

Internet Sites Related to Belt Drives and Chain

Drives

Problems

8 Kinematics of Gears

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

8—1 Objectives of This Chapter

8—2 Spur Gear Styles

8—3 Spur Gear Geometry: Involute-Tooth Form

8—4 Spur Gear Nomenclature and Gear-Tooth Features

8—5 Interference between Mating Spur Gear Teeth

8 -6 Internal Gear Geometry

8—7 Helical Gear Geometry

8—8 Bevel Gear Geometry

8—9 Types of Wormgearing

8—10 Geometry of Worms and Wormgears

8—11 Gear Manufacturing

8—12 Gear Quality

8—13 Velocity Ratio and Gear Trains

8—14 Devising Gear Trains

Reference

Internet Sites Related to Kinematics of Gears

Problems

9 Spur Gear Design

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

9—1 Objectives of this Chapter

9—2 Concepts from Previous Chapters

9—3 Forces, Torque, and Power in Gearing

9—4 Allowable Stress Numbers

9—5 Bending Stress in Gear Teeth

9—6 Contact Stress in Gear Teeth

9—7 Metallic Gear Materials

9—8 Selection of Gear Material

9—9 Design of Spur Gears

9—10 Gear Design for the Metric Module System

9—11 Computer-Aided Spur Gear Design and Analysis

9—12 Use of the Spur Gear Design Spreadsheet

9—13 Power-Transmitting Capacity

9—14 Plastics Gearing

9—15 Practical Considerations for Gears and Interfaces with other Elements

References

Internet Sites Related to Spur Gear Design

Problems

10 Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, and Wormgearing

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

10—1 Objectives of this Chapter

10—2 Forces on Helical Gear Teeth

10—3 Stresses in Helical Gear Teeth

10—4 Pitting Resistance for Helical Gear Teeth

10—5 Design of Helical Gears

10—6 Forces on Straight Bevel Gears

10—7 Bearing Forces on Shafts Carrying Bevel Gears

10—8 Bending Moments on Shafts Carrying Bevel Gears

10—9 Stresses in Straight Bevel Gear Teeth

10—10 Forces, Friction, and Efficiency in Wormgear Sets

10—11 Stress in Wormgear Teeth

10—12 Surface Durability of Wormgear Drives

10—13 Emerging Technology and Software for Gear Design

References

Internet Sites Related to Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, and Wormgearing

Problems

11 Keys, Couplings, and Seals

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

11—1 Objectives of this Chapter

11—2 Keys

11—3 Materials for Keys

11—4 Stress Analysis to Determine Key Length

11—5 Splines

11—6 Other Methods of Fastening Elements to Shafts

11—7 Couplings

11—8 Universal Joints

11—9 Other Means of Axial Location

11—10 Types of Seals

11—11 Seal Materials

References

Internet Sites for Keys, Couplings, and Seals

Problems

12 Shaft Design

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

12—1 Objectives of This Chapter

12—2 Shaft Design Procedure

12—3 Forces Exerted on Shafts by Machine Elements

12—4 Stress Concentrations in Shafts

12—5 Design Stresses for Shafts

12—6 Shafts in Bending and Torsion Only

12—7 Shaft Design Examples–Bending and Torsion Only

12—8 Shaft Design Example–Bending and Torsion with Axial Forces

12—9 Spreadsheet Aid for Shaft Design

12—10 Shaft Rigidity and Dynamic Considerations

12—11 Flexible Shafts

References

Internet Sites for Shaft Design

Problems

13 Tolerances and Fits

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

13—1 Objectives of this Chapter

13—2 Factors Affecting Tolerances and Fits

13—3 Tolerances, Production Processes, and Cost

13—4 Preferred Basic Sizes

13—5 Clearance Fits

13—6 Interference Fits

13—7 Transition Fits

13—8 Stresses for Force Fits

13—9 General Tolerancing Methods

13—10 Robust Product Design

References

Internet Sites Related to Tolerances and Fits

Problems

14 Rolling Contact Bearings

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

14—1 Objectives of This Chapter

14—2 Types of Rolling Contact Bearings

14—3 Thrust Bearings

14—4 Mounted Bearings

14—5 Bearing Materials

14—6 Load/Life Relationship

14—7 Bearing Manufacturers’ Data

14—8 Design Life

14—9 Bearing Selection: Radial Loads Only

14—10 Bearing Selection: Radial and Thrust Loads Combined

14—11 Bearing Selection from Manufacturers’ Catalogs

14—12 Mounting of Bearings

14—13 Tapered Roller Bearings

14—14 Practical Considerations in the Application of Bearings

14—15 Importance of Oil Film Thickness in Bearings

14—16 Life Prediction under Varying Loads

14—17 Bearing Designation Series

References

Internet Sites Related to Rolling Contact Bearings

Problems

15 Completion of the Design of a Power Transmission

The Big Picture

15—1 Objectives of this Chapter

15—2 Description of the Power Transmission to be Designed

15—3 Design Alternatives and Selection of the Design Approach

15—4 Design Alternatives for the Gear-Type Reducer

15—5 General Layout and Design Details of the Reducer

15—6 Final Design Details for the Shafts

15—7 Assembly Drawing

References

Internet Sites Related to Transmission Design

Part 3 Design Details and Other Machine Elements

16 Plain Surface Bearings

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

16—1 Objectives of This Chapter

16—2 The Bearing Design Task

16—3 Bearing Parameter, μn/p

16—4 Bearing Materials

16—5 Design of Boundary-Lubricated Bearings

16—6 Full-Film Hydrodynamic Bearings

16—7 Design of Full-Film Hydro-dynamically Lubricated Bearings

16—8 Practical Considerations for Plain Surface Bearings

16—9 Hydrostatic Bearings

16—10 Tribology: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear

References

Internet Sites Related to Plain Bearings and Lubrication

17 Linear Motion Elements

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

17—1 Objectives of This Chapter

17—2 Power Screws

17—3 Ball Screws

17—4 Application Considerations for Power Screws and Ball Screws

References

Internet Sites for Linear Motion Elements

Problems

18 Springs

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

18—1 Objectives of this Chapter

18—2 Kinds of Springs

18—3 Helical Compression Springs

18—4 Stresses and Deflection for Helical Compression Springs

18—5 Analysis of Spring Characteristics

18—6 Design of Helical Compression Springs

18—7 Extension Springs

18—8 Helical Torsion Springs

18—9 Improving Spring Performance by Shot Peening

18—10 Spring Manufacturing

References

Internet Sites Relevant to Spring Design

Problems

19 Fasteners

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

19—1 Objectives of this Chapter

19—2 Bolt Materials and Strength

19—3 Thread Designations and Stress Area

19—4 Clamping Load and Tightening of Bolted Joints

19—5 Externally Applied Force on a Bolted Joint

19—6 Thread Stripping Strength

19—7 Other Types of Fasteners and Accessories

19—8 Other Means of Fastening and Joining

References

Internet Sites Related to Fasteners

Problems

20 Machine Frames, Bolted Connections, and Welded Joints

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

20—1 Objectives of this Chapter 6

20—2 Machine Frames and Structures

20—3 Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Joints

20—4 Welded Joints

References

Internet Sites for Machine Frames, Bolted Connections, and Welded Joints

Problems

21 Electric Motors and Controls

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

21—1 Objectives of This Chapter

21—2 Motor Selection Factors

21—3 AC Power and General Information about AC Motors 6

21—4 Principles of Operation of AC Induction Motors

21—5 AC Motor Performance

21—6 Three-Phase, Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

21—7 Single-Phase Motors

21—8 AC Motor Frame Types and Enclosures

21—9 Controls for AC Motors

21—10 DC Power

21—11 DC Motors

21—12 DC Motor Control

21—13 Other Types of Motors

References

Internet Sites for Electric Motors and Controls

Problems

22 Motion Control: Clutches and Brakes

The Big Picture

You Are the Designer

22—1 Objectives of this Chapter

22—2 Descriptions of Clutches and Brakes

22—3 Types of Friction Clutches and Brakes

22—4 Performance Parameters

22—5 Time Required to Accelerate a Load

22—6 Inertia of a System Referred to the Clutch Shaft Speed

22—7 Effective Inertia for Bodies Moving Linearly

22—8 Energy Absorption: Heat-Dissipation Requirements

22—9 Response Time

22—10 Friction Materials and Coefficient of Friction

22—11 Plate-Type Clutch or Brake

22—12 Caliper Disc Brakes

22—13 Cone Clutch or Brake

22—14 Drum Brakes

22—15 Band Brakes

22—16 Other Types of Clutches and Brakes

References

Internet Sites for Clutches and Brakes

Problems

23 Design Projects

23—1 Objectives of this Chapter

23—2 Design Projects

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 Properties of Areas

Appendix 2 Preferred Basic Sizes and Screw Threads

Appendix 3 Design Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels

Appendix 4 Properties of Heat-Treated Steels

Appendix 5 Properties of Carburized Steels

Appendix 6 Properties of Stainless Steels

Appendix 7 Properties of Structural Steels

Appendix 8 Design Properties of Cast Iron–U.S. Units Basis

Appendix 8A Design Properties of Cast Iron–SI Units Basis

Appendix 9 Typical Properties of Aluminum

Appendix 10-1 Properties of Die-Cast Zinc Alloys

Appendix 10-2 Properties of Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys

Appendix 11-1 Properties of Nickel-Based Alloys

Appendix 11-2 Properties of Titanium Alloys

Appendix 12 Properties of Bronzes, Brasses, and Other Copper Alloys

Appendix 13 Typical Properties of Selected Plastics

Appendix 14 Beam-Deflection Formulas

Appendix 15 Commercially Available Shapes Used for Load-Carrying Members

Appendix 16 Conversion Factors

Appendix 17 Hardness Conversion Table

Appendix 18 Stress Concentration Factors

Appendix 19 Geometry Factor, I, for Pitting for Spur Gears

http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/educator/product/Machine-Elements-in-Mechanical-Design/9780134441184.page

Fundamentals of Machine Design, Volume 1
Ajeet Singh
Cambridge University Press, 15-Sep-2017 - Technology & Engineering - 928 pages

Providing extensive coverage and comprehensive discussion on the fundamental concepts and processes of machine design, this book begins with detailed discussion of the types of materials, their properties and selection criteria for designing. The text, the first volume of a two volume set, covers different types of stresses including direct stress, bending stress, torsional stress and combined stress in detail. It goes on to explain various types of temporary and permanent joints including pin joint, cotter joint, threaded joint and welded joint. Finally, the book covers the design procedure of keys, cotters, couplings, shafts, levers and springs. Also examined are applications of different types of joints used in boilers, bridges, power presses, automobile springs, crew jack and coupling.


Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Dedication
List of figures
List of tables
1. Introduction to machine design
2. Materials, properties, and selection
3. Limits, tolerance, and fits
4. Manufacturing aspects in design
5. Direct simple stresses
6. Bending stresses
7. Torsional stresses
8. Combined stresses
9. Stress concentration
10. Endurance strength
11. Fluctuating stresses
12. Cotter joints
13. Pin joints
14. Riveted joints
15. Welded joints
16. Bolted joints
17. Eccentric loading
18. Power screws
19. Shafts and keys
20. Couplings
21. Levers
22. Helical springs
23. Leaf springs
References
Appendices
Index.

http://admin.cambridge.org/academic/subjects/engineering/engineering-design-kinematics-and-robotics/fundamentals-machine-design-volume-1

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ywAtDwAAQBAJ  Preview

Saturday, August 11, 2018